Mary; the Prophet or the Saint? Rereading the Story of Mary in the Quran and Contrasting It with the Androcentric Interpretation of This Story
Malihe
Ehsani Nik
Encyclopedia Islamica Foundation/ Encyclopedia of The World of Islam/ Department Quran and Hadith
author
Fariba
Pat
Department of Islamic history and culture Al-Zahra University
author
text
article
2020
per
The story of the life of Mary is one of the common stories in the Quran and the four Gospels. However, Mary does not have the same role and position in these stories. According to the Gospels, Mary’s most important attributes are regarded as her being the mother of Jesus and the miraculous birth of her son. But this image in the Christian culture and tradition gradually evolves to the point that Mary becomes a saint and finds the status of divinity. This image is mentioned in the Quran, and in fact the Quranic narration of the story of Mary is accompanied by the negation of this view. Overall, what is said in the Quran is much beyond the narrative of the Gospels. In the verses of the Quran, characteristics are quoted for Mary that are not unlike the characteristics of the prophets. Commentators, however, especially those with mystical tendencies, have tried to interpret these characteristics in a different way and eventually they consider Mary as a saint one. This article, while recounting the evolution of Mary’s position in Christianity and Islam, addresses the important issue of why in the Islamic tradition, Mary, and in fact any woman, fails to reach the status of prophecy and her position in Islamic Mysticism and Sufism is merely accepted as a saint one.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
11
v.
33
no.
2020
1
27
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5509_093807492ebfe3d47d27660a65934cff.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/ws.2020.5509
A Review of the Legitimacy of the Condition of Non-Referral in Revocable Divorce in Imami Jurisprudence and Iranian Law
E
AAB
I
author
amin
amirhoseiny
SHAHID BEHESHTY
author
text
article
2020
per
One of the issues in Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law that has provided a place for debate and division of judges’ opinions is the issue of returning in divorce, which is considered as a right for men in revocable divorces. In this regard, if the wife stipulates to the man during the necessary marriage that the man has no right to return after the revocable divorce and cannot exercise his right, the question is, what is the status of this condition in terms of validity? The authors in the present article, adopting an analytical-descriptive method, and studying the principles and evidences, believe that: although some consider referral to be a man’s right and therefore, due to the nature of the right, it can be revoked, the legal and jurisprudential nature of referral is one of the rules of the matter, so the condition to the contrary seems invalid. Examination of the evidence also reflects the ruling on returning in divorce, which is on the basis of Islamic narrations. On the other hand, the possibility of revoking the referral, contrary to the need to take care of the interests of the family, is also based on evidence.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
11
v.
33
no.
2020
29
44
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5398_ab6ebea78fb223e3760e279cb804844b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/ws.2020.5398
A Sociological Analysis of Instances of Violence against Women in International Law with an Emphasis on Forced Pregnancy
Mojtaba
Ansarian
Faculty
author
atena
gholami niyarami
.
author
sobhan
tayebi
.
author
text
article
2020
per
Sexual violence is condemned in any form and by anyone. The institutionalization of the culture of patriarchy, female disparagement, lack of comprehensive legal support for women, and the internalization of women’s self-disparagement, are among the internal factors in any society that perpetuate violence in various forms against women and then spread it to the international community. The main purpose of this article is to investigate cases of sexual violence against women in international law with an emphasis on forced pregnancy. Forced pregnancy as a crime against humanity must be criminalized not only because of demographic disruption or genocide, but also because of the oppression of the injured woman. The prohibition of sexual violence has become more or less criminalized in the laws of some countries, and there are cases of forced pregnancy in the international judicial process. The present article is applied in terms of purpose, and is descriptive and analytical in nature. The method of data collection was the library method, and analysis of data was done through the qualitative method of structural and interpretive analysis
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
11
v.
33
no.
2020
45
67
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5508_1dcd3c98a6e04148e5b20ff692a3dad7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/ws.2020.5508
A Qualitative Study of Taboos in Sexual Dissatisfaction of Women Seeking Divorce
Leila
bahrami
Leila Bahrami: Department of Womens Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University,
Tehran, Iran.
author
afsaneh
tavssoli
Afsaneh Tavassoli: Department of Women and Family Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and
Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
The present interdisciplinary study seeks to discover the sexual taboos and their effect on divorce lawsuits by the wife in the courts of the judiciary. First, the factors influencing the couples’ sexual dysfunction or disruptions were examined, and then the individual and sociological contexts of sexual taboos that led to concealing the cause of divorce and changing the title of petitions filed by women were discussed. The research method was qualitative and based on content analysis, and sampling was done among the individuals referring to courts of justice and lawyers’ offices. 10 people were selected from divorced women and 16 from women seeking divorce. The main instrument for measuring the research variable was a semi-structured interview. All divorced or divorce-seeking women interviewed expressed dissatisfaction with the quality of their sexual relations, and the most important factors were the inability to meet the sexual needs of women, lack of caress and preparation before the relationship, and lack of affectionate emotional and verbal communication, respectively. Also, the perception of sexual taboos among women, at the individual and social levels, was identified by the abundance of the themes of shame, fear of judgment, the existence of legal gaps and the atmosphere in the courts. The results show the significant effect of sexual dissatisfaction on the demand for divorce, and the existence of sexual taboos among women is effective in keeping it secret in lawsuits.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
11
v.
33
no.
2020
69
90
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5253_d0e193aa88daa48626ced132c7820454.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/ws.2020.5253
Capacity Assessment of the Judicial Bill “Securing Women against Violence” in Consolidating Children’s Right to Health
Mahdi
Khaghani Esfahani
The Institute for Research and Development in the Humanities (SAMT), tehran, iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
The right to health is the subject of many international treaties and national laws. The protection of this right and the provision of legal and objective requirements for its fulfillment for children – as a specially protected human group – are of great importance and, of course, the concern of legal systems. In addition to direct legislative policy, sub-legislative strategies through the enactment of laws and regulations that affect children’s right to health are an important area of study. The main obligors of the right to health are the governments, and the system of the Islamic Republic has had many ups and downs in protecting this right. Considering the comprehensive dependence of children’s health on the health and safety of mothers, the bill of “Protection, Dignity and Security of Women against Violence” seems to have strengths and weaknesses, the analysis of which from the perspective of the impact of the approval and implementation of the bill (after the approval) on reducing the victimization of children dependent on the victimization of their mothers is the subject of this study. The present study, after recognizing the role of promoting the health of children in reducing their victimization rate, examines the effectiveness of the reform of the judicial system, and criminalization and prevention in protecting women – the subject of this bill – on reducing the underlying vulnerability of children to maternal victimization. The bill’s ideological discourse, and its inability to present a new order combining the three aspects of human rights norms, Islamic teachings, and the considerations of the Iranian family, do not bode well for enhanced protection of women against violence – and, consequently, of the children affected by their mothers’ victimization. Solutions to reduce the shortcomings of the bill are presented in this article.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
11
v.
33
no.
2020
91
109
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5309_dd43c4fd74b29123470b50adf6424283.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/ws.2020.5309
Violation of Women’s Rights as a Wife: A Realistic Confrontation of Women with the Issue of Abuse of Their Rights
maryam
rahimi sajasi
Ph.D.Women Studies, Tarbiat Modares University
author
Abdolhossein
Kalantari
Ph.D. Sociology,Faculty Member, Department of Sociology, University of Tehran,
author
Touba
Shakeri Golpayegani
PhD. jurisprudence and criminal law, Faculty Member, Department of Women's Studies, Tarbiat Modares University,
author
text
article
2020
per
Reflecting on the sharia cases of women’s rights in the role of a wife represents examples of women’s rights that are less known in society. There seems to be a kind of inconsistency in the three sources of sharia, custom and law in relation to this issue. The present article, while acknowledging the complexity and multidimensionality of the reasons for this contradiction, aims to examine the role of women in this regard from the perspective of social psychology approach. To this end, 30 women living in Tehran province who had a marital life experience were interviewed in the light of how to encounter the violation of their rights. Data analysis using the thematic analysis method led to the extraction of five key themes of self-silencing, learned helplessness, meta-religious femininity, family-orientedness and ethics in women which prevented them from claiming their rights. Accordingly, through perceiving their individual abilities and the socio-cultural conditions of their society, women avoid claiming their well-known rights by adopting a realistic approach, and they contribute to violating women’s rights and stabilizing the status quo
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
11
v.
33
no.
2020
111
139
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5507_23421c18b084c75dd56d670848907d7a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/ws.2020.5507
Child Marriage According to the Quran
Sedigheh
Shakouri Rad
Center for Women Studies
author
text
article
2020
per
Child marriage is approved in the Civil Code of Iran based on two verses in the Quran, some hadiths and the Prophetic tradition in Imami jurisprudence. In the present study, which is a library research, the issue of child marriage is discussed from the perspective of women’s studies, which is committed to improving women’s status. By focusing mainly on the teachings of the Quran and using a historical-analytical approach to the interpretation of the Quranic verses, it is argued that Article 1041 of the Civil Code has no Quranic basis and reason for child marriage. Firstly, child marriage is not prescribed, nor even mentioned, in the Quran. Secondly, the general Quranic teachings and rituals related to marriage and the relationship of husbands with their wives are not compatible with it. Therefore, Article 1041 of the Civil Code of Iran is not consistent with the Quran. It is not a law established by Islam and should be understood within the larger social and cultural context of the time. Hence, considering its negative effects and consequences for children and society, it seems reasonable and necessary to review this legal article and amend it
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
11
v.
33
no.
2020
141
163
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5510_305c4f21f2714b5b97b1ff8bce275ea5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/ws.2020.5510
Representation of Women in the Discourse of Women’s Rights Activists in Iran
shirin
Mohammady
Institute for humanities and cultural studies
author
atoosa
Rostambeik Tafreshi
Institute for humanities and cultural studies
author
Yahya
Modarresi
Institute for humanities and cultural studies
author
text
article
2020
per
This study aims at analyzing the main competing discourses among the opponents and proponents of women’s labor and sports. Through a quantitative and qualitative descriptive-analytical method, it studies how women are represented in different discourses in competition, and among male and female speakers. The data consist of a corpus gathered through library method including 16 lecture texts of the female and male opponents and proponents during the past 5 years, selected through random sampling. The results show that the two main discourses, the modernist discourse and the traditional discourse (including the traditional family-centered, patriarchal, traditional religious and revolutionary approaches) are in competition. Opponents mostly refer to the traditional discourse, and proponents to the modernist. In traditional discourse of the opponents, women are represented by stereotypical roles such as mother, wife, kadbanu (a good housewife), homemaker, child bearer, parent, responsible for the raising of the children, and dependent on their husbands. The importance of the role of women in the family is common among the traditional and modernist viewpoints. However, proponents emphasize the role of woman in the society too. Taboo words such as adultery, rape, prostitution, sex dealers, etc., and ideological words such as chastity, purity, revolution and referring to woman’s age for marriage are just used in men’s speeches, and they used Islam/Muslim more than women.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
11
v.
33
no.
2020
165
191
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5511_e03e0529082dea143461cd805a075295.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/ws.2020.5511