Women, Motherhood and Breastfeeding
Saideh
Elahidoost
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
Ali
Rabbani
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
Behzad
Shams
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
text
article
2013
per
Despite the decrease in rates of contagious diseases in today’s world compared to the past, the rates of non-contagious diseases and different types of cancer is constantly increasing. Various research show that breastfeeding is an important factor in preventing many diseases. Thus, promoting feeding infants with breast milk can immune mothers and children against many chronic diseases. Exclusive breastfeeding has not satisfactorily reached its goals in the country in recent years. Since breastfeeding is closely connected to social and cultural constructs, identifying factors influencing it will involve studying social backgrounds underlying it. In other words, identifying sociocultural models which influence breastfeeding infants will provide an efficient means to promote breastfeeding. The present study employed a qualitative design and a demographic method. The 37 subjects were chosen through purposive sampling and had semi-structured in-depth interviews. The findings were marked into 365 open codes, 68 axial codes and 10 selective codes, and included the following: personal factors impacting breastfeeding, cultural factors impacting breastfeeding and socioeconomic factors impacting breastfeeding. The findings revealed that the most important factors impacting breastfeeding in mothers included psychological factors of motherhood, the mother’s awareness and preparedness, the mother’s beliefs, and social support. The findings also suggested that although bio-physical factors impacted breastfeeding, they were themselves influenced by maternal emotions, the mother’s calmness and confidence, and her beliefs. The mother’s beliefs is in turn under the influence of the network of social relationships, including the person’s family, and the family has still retained its determining role in individual beliefs and behaviors. Breastfeeding is thus viewed as a social value. Moreover, social support of others, including one’s mother, husband, doctor and medical staff, greatly influence the process of breastfeeding infants. In the case of working mothers, support from others and awareness of rules of breastfeeding are also important in addition to the factors mentioned.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
4
v.
7
no.
2013
1
38
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1062_20e6a52ba3e8cf6cf2abb3a28ec63b4d.pdf
The Place of a Large Dowry in Teachings of the Religion, Views of Experts in the Law (Faqihs), and Positive Law
Abdol-Ali
Tavajjohi
دانشگاه شاهد
author
Arezoo
Malekshah
دانشگاه خوارزمی
author
text
article
2013
per
The dowry, as one of a wife’s financial rights, has an important place in Islam. The Holy Quran refers to this notion by using words such as sidaq and nihlah, which highlight a husband’s sincerity in making the marriage vow. In the Shia jurisprudence and also in Iran’s civil law, no limit has been set for the maximum amount that a wife’s dowry can have, leaving the amount to the couple’s agreement. Recent changes in the system of values, norms and beliefs have resulted in the dowry losing its original function and becoming excessively large. The increase in the amount of dowry has created functional and other problems in the family and the society. The main question addressed in the present paper is as to the place of a large dowry in the teachings of the religion. The study shows that, although no limit is set for the maximum amount of a wife’s dowry, a large dowry is considered as a disfavored matter. The reason for this disfavor is probably the adverse social consequences that large dowries bring to the person and the society. Islamic jurists have encouraged Muslims to prefer small dowries and to avoid demanding large dowries. The paper also suggests a number of ways for confronting and overcoming the problem.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
4
v.
7
no.
2013
39
60
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1063_3577ca39938b5b8a6c09f8a094bf1140.pdf
The Correlation between Identity Status and Marital Satisfaction among Student Couples of Martyr and
Non-martyr’s Families in Karaj County:
A Comparative Study
Zeinab
Zare’e Nejad
پژوهشگاه اصفهان
author
text
article
2013
per
The current study has investigated the correlation between identity status and marital satisfaction among student couples of martyr and non-martyr’s families. The study is designed in a descriptive manner and the population was all the student couples, from both martyr’s and non-martyr’s families in the universities of Karaj County. 400 married students, 200 male and 200 female, were the subjects of the study. A sample group was selected based on convenience sampling. The data was then collected by means of two questionnaires, namely Self Identity status (EOM-Eis-2) and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. To answer the research questions, an inferential approach was adopted and Z-test and T-test were conducted to determine correlational coefficient (r), Fischer’s Zr test was carried out to compare within-group correlation and also T-test and Mann-Whitney U were used for the comparison of means and the rankings of two groups. Based on the results, identity status has a positive relation to marital satisfaction. In other words, those who have high identity status are more satisfied with their marriage. Moreover, the difference of two variables (satisfaction and identity status) between martyr’s and non-martyr’s families was only significant in one dimension of identity status, which was identity development and was insignificant in other dimensions.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
4
v.
7
no.
2013
61
81
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1064_1b139df1484c046ac57b6d9333f91405.pdf
Determining the Order of Importance of Factors Affecting Job Creation by Entrepreneur Women Using TOPSIS
(Case Study: the Co-operative Section in Khorasan Razavi Province)
Maisam
Zanganeh
دانشگاه عالی گلستان
author
Issa
Niazi
دانشگاهتهران
author
Rahil
Mirkatooli
دانشگاهآزادسمنان
author
Elham
Ashuri
دانشگاهآزادسمنان
author
Ramin
Bagheri
دانشگاهعالیگلستان
author
text
article
2013
per
The present paper aimed to determine order of factors affecting job creation by entrepreneur women working in the Co-operative section in the Khorasan Razavi Province. After reviewing backgrounds of the issue and looking at different aspects of reasons motivating women to have jobs, the study identified the decision-making tree of the hierarchy of the factors affecting women’s entrepreneurship and job creation. The factors were then ordered using TOPSIS and Shannon’s Entropy. The results indicated that fulfilling financial needs was one of the most important factors motivating women to have jobs. Having a high-paying job fulfills women’s financial needs and is an efficient way for improving economic status of the family. Preventing depression was the least important factor motivating women to have a job.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
4
v.
7
no.
2013
83
110
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1065_8f101231b0532b72e8306a296a726243.pdf
Post-Divorce Self-Redefining and Identity Building in Women
Soheila
Sadeghi Fasa’i
دانشگاهتهران
author
Maryam
Isari
دانشگاهتهران
author
text
article
2013
per
Despites the many efforts for controlling and reducing divorce in Iran, the rates are growing and the number of families who have experienced a divorce is increasingly rising. The ‘post-divorce life’, an matter of trivial interest in the past, has now turned into a serious issue for family sociologists. Research findings suggest that divorce often has more negative consequences for women, one of which is identity challenges. The present study employed a qualitative approach and used semi-structured in-depth interviews with 18 women to investigate women’s post-divorce identity challenges and how they redefined ‘self’ and build ‘identity’ after divorce. “Self” is a key concept in theorizing one’s being and nature, and gives the person the ability to portray her identity. The results showed that, on the event of a divorce, many changes occurred to the image and the understanding that a women had from her inner and outer self. The results also suggested that the main areas in which the women had redefined their identity were new roles, new lifestyles, new relationships, and ontological and psychological safety. Moreover, background variables including present age, age at divorce, social class, occupational status, length of marriage, having or not having children, and a traditional or modern set of habitus influenced how women dealt with post-divorce identity changes and self-redefining.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
4
v.
7
no.
2013
111
138
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1066_78278b49c66c9fd3360c21940efd1797.pdf
The Relationship between Childrearing Styles and Perfectionism in Mothers and Emotional and Social Adjustment of Their Eighth-Grade Daughters
Jacenthe
Salibi
پژوهشگاهعلومانسانی
author
Arefeh Sadat
Ahamadi
واحد علوم و تحقیقات
author
text
article
2013
per
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between authoritative, authoritarian and permissive childrearing styles and adaptive (purposefulness, order and organization, efforts for excellence) and maladaptive (interpersonal sensitiveness, setting high standards for others, perceiving pressure from parents) in mothers and level of emotional and social adjustment in female students of eighth grade in high schools in Tehran. A total of 200 mothers with their daughters (living in two municipality districts) were chosen through random sampling. The mothers were asked to complete the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAG; Baumrind, 1991) and the Perfectionism Inventory (Hill, 2004) and the daughters were asked to complete the Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS; Sinha and Singh, 1993). Various statistical methods, including frequency distribution, percentage, cumulative percentage, mean, standard deviation, correlation, one-way analysis of variance, t-test and Tukey’s range test, were used for the data analysis. The results showed a significant difference in adjustment scores of adolescents who had mothers with different parenting styles, which indicates that childrearing styles have a crucial role in emotional adjustment of adolescents. However, no significant difference was found in the adolescents’ social adjustments. In terms of the mother’s adaptive or maladaptive perfectionism, no significant difference was found in the students’ scores. The statistical results of the correlation between the students’ emotional adjustment and perfectionism revealed that interpersonal sensitiveness had a significant correlation with the students’ emotional adjustment, where emotional maladjustment increased with interpersonal sensitiveness. Furthermore, a significant difference was found between the mothers’ adaptive or maladaptive perfectionism and the students’ social adjustment, where a correlation existed between the students’ social adjustment in terms of order and organization and the mothers’ perceived pressure.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
4
v.
7
no.
2013
139
162
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1067_9e6f96b4ad089aa4a40f76ea9d64f5fd.pdf
Examining the Model of Warm Relationships between Spouses
Sayyid Buik
Mohammadi
پژوهشگاهعلومانسانی
author
text
article
2013
per
The importance of the relationship quality between spouses and its impact on the mental health of individuals and the society is a topic of long interest. Since the interaction of spouses takes place within the family and today the family faces serious threats which can lead to its dysfunction, research work on characteristics of relationships which do not end up in quarrel and conflicts is therefore a necessity. The present study pursued this aim and investigated characteristics of warm relationships between spouses. The study followed a qualitative design. The information from 50 interviews with spouses were gathered, a number of them selected through ‘conceptual’ sampling, and the information classified into different concepts and categories. The findings revealed that warm relationships of different spouses shared common characteristics, including: love and caring, power in service of the relationship and not the individual, mutual care and respect, partnership and collaboration, and companionship and intellectual support. Outcomes of such a relationship were a sense of commitment, the couple’s mutual trust, and overall satisfaction with the relationship. In case of middle-aged spouses, although excitement had decreased between them, their wisdom and patience had increased and their love for each other was alive.
Women Studies
IHCS
2383-0743
4
v.
7
no.
2013
163
187
https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1068_f1d50eaad3f48cc3a4279bf11a04fde8.pdf