The Effect of CEO Gender on Conditional Conservation and Unconditional With an Emphasis on Business and Financial Risk

Document Type : -

Authors

Abstract

 
The aim of this is study it investigate the relationship between CEO gender with regards to risk aversion and women moral sensitivity conditional and unconditional conversation. To investigation the relation, the number of 132 companies during 2011 to 2015 were selected. Data analysis using panel data and is performed using a fixed effects model. In order to measure conditional and non-conditional conservatism, Ahmad and Dolman's model (2007) was inspired by Giwiel and Hayen (2000) and then the effect of Managers gender on conditional and non-conservative conservatism was investigated. The results showed that female senior managers in compared with men with higher conditional conversation, the result indicates that women than men reporting bad news faster. However, a significant relationship was observed between women senior managers and unconditional conservatism. As well as between women senior managers and conditional conservatism in the face of business risk significant positive relationship, therefore, there is no to express an opinion regarding the acceptance or rejection significant relationship between women senior managers and conditional conversation. But relationship women senior managers and conservatism in the face of financial risk and business risk in model of conditional conservatism no significant relationship was observed. Also between women senior managers and conditional and unconditional conservatism was no significant relationship in the face of sensitive companysize, the result was contrary to theoretical expectations.
 

Keywords


1. آزاد، م (1382).  محتوای اطلاعاتی پیش‌بینی سود شرکت‌ها، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، دانشکده حسابداری و مدیرت.
2. اسکات، ریچارد (1374). سازمان‌ها: سیستم‌های عقلانی، طبیعی و باز، ترجمه حسن میرزایی و فلورا سلطانی. تهران دانشکده‌ی مدیریت دانشگاه تهران.
3. امینی، فضل‌الله و زمانی، پریسا (1379). فاصله بین زنان و مردان در کارهای اجرایی مدیریت، تدبیر، 109.
4. اوت، السیتو و جی. ام، شفریتر (1379). نظریه سازمان اسطوره‌ها، ترجمه: علی پارسیان. تهران: انتشارات فرزانه.
5. خدامی پور، احمد و مالکی نیا، رحیمه (1391)." بررسی رابطه بین میزان محافظه‌کاری شرطی و اخبار منفی آینده در شرکت‌های پذیرفته‌شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران". فصل‌نامه حسابداری مالی. شماره (10): صص 7-27.
6. سپاسی، سحر و عبدلی، لیلا (1395)." تأثیر جنسیت مدیران ارشد شرکت بر حافظه کاری شرطی". مطالعات اجتماعی، روان‌شناختی زنان، سال14، شماره 1، صص 129-154.
7. رشیدیان، مینا و پاک مرام، عسگر و بیگ زاده، جعفر (1393)." رابطه بین مالکیت و محافظه‌کاری شرطی در شرکت‌های پذیرفته‌شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران". پژوهش حسابداری سال چهارم. شماره (14). صص 61-77.
8. زلقی، حسن و بیات، مرتضی (1395)." تأثیر محافظه‌کاری شرطی و غیرشرطی بر ریسک سیستماتیک و غیرسیستماتیک". مجله دانش حسابرسی، سال 16، شماره 62، 121-136.
9. غلام‌زاده، داریوش و کاشانی حق‌شناس، فریده و محمد خاین، فاطمه (1394)." تأثیر سبک رهبری بر باورهای سقف شیشه‌ای زنان" فصل‌نامه مطالعات اجتماعی روان‌شناختی زنان، سال 13، شماره 3، 175-197.
10. مرکز آمار ایران (1393). نتایج آمارگیری از نیروی کار.
11. کمیته تدوین استانداردهای حسابداری (1388). " استاندارهای حسابداری". نشریه 160، چاپ شانزدهم، سازمان حسابرسی، تهران.
12. Ahmed, S. and Duellman, S. (2007). Accounting conservatism and board of director characteristics. An empirical analysis. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 43: 411-437.
13. Ball, R., & Shivakumar, L. (2005). Earnings quality in UK private firms: Comparative loss recognition timeliness. Journal of Accounting and Economics,
39(1), 83–128.
14. Basu, S. (1997). The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 24(1), 3–37.
15. Beaver, W. H., & Ryan, S. G. (2005).Conditional and unconditional conservatism: Concepts and modeling. Review of Accounting Studies,
10(2), 269–309.
16. Bushman, R. M., Piotroski, J. D., & Smith, A. J. (2011). Capital allocation
And timely accounting recognition of economic losses. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 38(1–2), 1–33.
17. Cordano, Mark, Robert F. Scherer, and Crystal L. Owen. (2002). Attitude
Toward Women as Managers: Sex versus Culture. Women in Management Review 17(2):51–60.
18. Dizik, A. (2011). Forget mentors—Sponsors can help you soar at work. CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2011/08/31/living/work place-sponsor-benefits- cb /index.html. Accessed 13 Sept 2011.
19. European Commission. (2012a). Women in economic decision making
In the EU: Progress report. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/genderequality/
Files /women-on-boards_en.pdf. 30 Dec 2013.
20. Francis, J. R., & Martin, X. (2010). Acquisition profitability and timely loss recognition. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 49(1), 161–178.
21. Givoly, D. and Hayn, C. (2000). The changing time-series properties of earnings, cash flows and accruals: has financial reporting become more conservative? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 29 (3): 287–320.
22. Hirshleifer, D. (2002). Investor psychology and asset pricing. The Journal of
Finance, 56(4), 1533–1597.
23. Huang, J., & Kisgen, D. J. (2013). Gender and corporate finance: Are male
Executives overconfident relative to female executives. Journal of
Financial Economics, 108(2013), 822–839.
24. Kim, Y., Li, S., Pan, C., Zuo, L., (2001). The role of accounting conservatism
In the equity market: Evidence from seasoned equity offerings. Working Paper, MIT Sloan School of Management, and Santa Clara University.
25. Lu¨ckerath-Rovers, M. (2010). Women on boards and firm performance.
Journal of Management and Governance, 17(2), 491–509.
26. LaFond, R., & Watts, R. L. (2008). The information role of conservatism.
The Accounting Review, 83(2), 447–478.
27. Lafond, R., & Roychowdhury, S. (2008). Managerial ownership and accounting conservatism. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(1), 101– 135.
28. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences (Vol. 1). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
29. Roychowdhury, S. (2010). Discussion of: Acquisition profitability and timely
Loss recognition.by J. Francis and X. Martin. Journal of Accounting and Economics 49, 179-183.
30. Perez-Quiros, G., & Timmermann, A. (2000). Firm size and cyclical variations in stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 55(3), 1229–1262
31. Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behavior in
Financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 605–628.
32. Prince, M. (1993). Women, men and money styles. Journal of Economic
Psychology, 14(1), 175–182.
33. Schrand, C. M., & Zechman, S. L. C. (2011). Executive overconfidence and
The slippery slope to financial misreporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 53(1–2), 311–329.
34. Simon S. M. Ho. Annie Yuansha Li. Kinsun Tam, Feida Zhang. (2015) "CEO Gender, Ethical Leadership, and Accounting Conservatism" J Bus Ethics. (127). 351-370.
35. Wagner, J. (2007). What a difference a Y makes: Female and male nascent
Entrepreneurs in Germany. Small Business Economics, 28(1), 1–21.
36. Watts, R. L. (2002). Conservatism in accounting part I: Explanations and
Implications. Accounting Horizons, 17(3), 207–221.
37. Zhang, J. (2008). The contracting benefits of accounting conservatism to
Lenders and borrowers. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 45(1),
27–54.