تجربه ی نابرابری جنسیتی در ارتقاء و انتصابات سازمانی: خوانشی استعاری از پدیده پله برقی شیشه‌ای

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه ایلام

2 دانشگاه آزاد ایلام

3 گروه مدیریت. دانشکده ادبیات. دانشگاه ایلام. ایلام. ایرام

چکیده

هدف اصلی مقاله حاضر فهم فرآیند انتصاب کارکنان با رویکرد جنسیت­گرایانه است و استعاره مفهومی اختیار شده توسط پژوهشگران برای تببین آن، پدیده پله برقی شیشه­ای است. روش پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ ماهیت یک تحقیق کیفی مبتنی بر رویکرد تجربه زیسته است. تمامی مدیران زن سازمان آموزش و پرورش استان ایلام به عنوان جامعه هدف انتخاب و با شیوه نمونه­گیری زنجیره­ای 16 مصاحبه تا رسیدن به مرحله اشباع داده­ها صورت گرفت. خروجی مصاحبه در قالب 3 مقوله اصلی، 17 مقوله فرعی و 78 کد مفاهیم، کدگذاری شد. نتایج نشان داد که عوامل برون سیستمی، عوامل درون سیستمی، و عوامل فردی ­ـ­ شخصیتی در ایجاد پدیده پله برقی شیشه­ای تاثیر دارند. نتایج نشان داد در سازمان آموزش و پرورش جنسیت عاملی اثرگذار در انتصاب مدیران است و وجود پدیده پله برقی شیشه­ای باعث ناکارآمدی زنان در اجرا و ایفای نقش­های سازمانی شده و پیامدهای فردی، اجتماعی و سازمانی متعددی را بدنبال دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Gender Inequality Experience in Organizational Promotions: A Metaphorical Reading of Glass Escalator effect

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ardeshir Shiri 1
  • Elham Faraji 2
  • Ali Yasini 3
1 University of Ilam
2 Islamic Azad University
3 Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
چکیده [English]

In early twentieth century with the advent of new technologies, changes in the architecture of kitchen, as one of the most important areas of the presence of women in a residential unit, were made. T
The main aim of this paper is to understand the process of appointing employees with a gendered approach, and the chosen conceptual metaphor to clarify it is glass escalator phenomenon. The research method in terms of its purpose is practical and in terms of its nature is a qualitative, based on lived experience approach. All female education managers of Ilam province were selected as the target community and through chain sampling method 16 interviews were done to reach the data saturation stage. The output of the interviews was coded in the form of 3 main categories, 17 sub-categories and 78 code concepts. The results showed that extra and intra-systemic factors and individual personality factors affect the development of glass escalation phenomena. The results showed that gender has an influential role in the appointment of managers in Ministry of Education and the existence of glass escalation phenomenon leads to ineffectiveness of women in implementing and playing organizational roles and results in numerous individual, social and organizational repercussions.
hese changes in the structure, layout and architecture of the kitchen’s space were in line with the cultural, economic and social characteristics of women which have been evolved over time in different ways. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of lifestyle in the form of technology components and women’s gender role as independent variables on architectural features and spatial organization of kitchen as a dependent variable, and in this study Pahlavi period is the control variable. Research methods in this research are descriptive-analytical, historical-interpretative and field-oriented methods. The data collection was done by library, documentary, direct and field observation methods. The results of the research show that the gender indices in this period have led to the equality of men and women, especially in the middle classes of the community. As a result, the houses’ interior and exterior spaces are gradually removed and the kitchen has been transported from the courtyard and basement into inside the house and was located as an intermediate space (common area) in relation to other spaces. The advent of modern architectural achievements made it possible the changes to be taken place.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Lived Experience
  • glass stained glass effect
  • gender attitude
  • gender discrimination
  • organizational appointments
ادیب، یوسف؛ و مردان اربط، فاطمه (1393). پدیدارشناسی تجربیات و ادراکات کارآفرینان از پدیدة کارآفرینی: یک مطالعة کیفی. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی توسعه کارآفرینی، 7(3): 447-465.
اسماعیل­پور، رضا؛ و تفقدی، حمیدرضا (1396). مطالعة کیفی موانع ارتقای شغلی و مدیریتی بانوان. فصلنامه زن در توسعه و سیاست، 15 (2): 185-169.
امینی، علی­رضا (1383). رویکرد جنسیتی و عدم تعادل کلی در بازار کار، پژوهش زنان، 4 (1): 13-28.
جعفری، زهرا؛ ندوشن، حسین هادی؛ بردبار، غلامرضا (1391). بررسی نگرش اعضای هیأت علمی زن دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد در مورد موانع ارتقاء آنان به پستهای مدیریتی. مدیریت سلامت. 15 (48): 46-36.
راست، هادی(1393). بررسی موانع انتصاب زنان در پستهای سطوح میانی مدیریت آموزش و پرورش از دیدگاه معلمان زن شهر خرم آباد، اولین همایش علمی پژوهشی علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی آسیب­های اجتماعی و فرهنگی ایران، تهران، مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات اسلامی سروش حکمت مرتضوی، انجمن علمی توسعه و ترویج علوم و فنون بنیادین.
رفعت جاه، مریم؛ خیرخواه، فاطمه (1392). مسائل و چالش­های اشتغال زنان در ایران از دیدگاه شاغلان پست­های مدیریتی. فصلنامۀ مطالعات توسعۀ اجتماعی- فرهنگی، 1 (2): 157-130.
ضرغامی فرد، مژگان، و بهبودی، محمدرضا (1393). پدیدة صخرة شیشه­ای: بررسی تجربه­ها و چالش­های زنان در پست های رهبری سازمان. مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی. 12 (2): 211-191.
نجاتی آجی­بیشه، مهران؛ جمالی، رضا (1386). شناسایی و رتبه­بندی موانع ارتقای شغلی زنان و بررسی ارتباط آن با ابعاد عدالت سازمانی: زنان شاغل دانشگاه یزد. مجله مطالعات زنان، 1 (3): 91-56.
Abrahamsen, B. (2004). Career development and masculinities among male nurses. NORA-Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research12(1), 31-39.
Adams, S. M., Gupta, A., & Leeth, J. D. (2009). Are female executives over‐represented in precarious leadership positions?. British Journal of Management20(1), 1-12.
Amudha, R., Motha, L. C. S., Selvabaskar, S., Alamelu, R., & Surulivel, S. (2016). Glass Ceiling and Glass Escalator-An Ultimate Gender Divide in Urban Vicinity. Indian Journal of Science and Technology9(27), 1-8.
Ashby, J. S., Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2006). Legal work and the glass cliff, Evidence that women are preferentially selected to lead problematic cases. Wm. & Mary J. Women & L.13, 775.
Baron, J. N., & Bielby, W. T. (1985). Organizational barriers to gender equality, Sex segregation of jobs and opportunities. Gender and the life course, 233-251.
Berg, E., Barry, J. & Chandler, J. P. (2008). New public management in Sweden and England, International Journal of Sociology, 28(3/4),114–28.
Bolton, S., & Muzio, D. (2008). The paradoxical processes of feminization in the professions, the case of established, aspiring and semi-professions. Work, employment and society22(2), 281-299.
Bose CE and Whaley RB (2009) Sex segregation in the U.S. labour force. In, Taylor N et al. (eds) Feminist Frontiers. Boston, MA, McGraw Hill Higher Education, 233–42.
Bradley, G. (2005). Movers and stayers in care management in adult services. British Journal of Social Work35(4), 511-530.
Bruckmüller, S., & Branscombe, N. R. (2010). The glass cliff, When and why women are selected as leaders in crisis contexts. British Journal of Social Psychology49(3), 433-451.
Burgess, Z., & Tharenou, Ph. (2002). Women Board Directors, Characteristics of the Few, Journal of Business Ethics, 37 (1), 39–49
Bush, A., & Holst, E. (2011). Gender Occupational Segregation, Glass Ceiling Effects, and Earnings in Managerial Positions, Results of a Fixed Effects Model. Discussion Paper, University of Flensburg and IZA, No. 5448
Charles, M., & Grusky, D. B. (2005). Occupational ghettos: The worldwide segregation of women and men (Vol. 71). LIT Verlag Münster.
Christie, A. (2001). Gendered discourses of welfare, men and social work. Men and social work, Theories and practices, 7-34.
Cognard-Black, A. J. (2012). Riding the Glass Escalator to the Principal’s Office. Teorıja In Praksa let49(6), 2012.
Collarmer, B., & Piper, P. (2001). Male Librarians, Men in a Feminized Profession, Journal of Academic Librarianship, 27(5), 406-411.
Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social forces80(2), 655-681.
Coulshed, V., Mullender, A., Jones, D. N., & Thompson, N. (2001). Management in social work. Buckingham, Palgrave.
Davey, B. (2002). Management progression and ambition, women and men in social work. Research policy and planning20(2), 21-34.
Davidson, M. J., & Burke, R. J. (Eds.). (2000). Women in management: Current research issues (Vol. 2). Sage.
Dolan, K. (1997). Gender differences in support for women candidates, Is there a glass ceiling in American politics?. Women & Politics17(2), 27-41.
Elsesser, K., & Peplau, L. (2006). The Glass Partition, Obstacles to Cross-Sex Friendships at Work, Human Relations, 59(8), 1077-1100.
Frydman, J. S., & Segall, J. (2016). Investigating the glass escalator effect among registered drama therapists, A gender-based examination of professional trajectory. Drama Therapy Review, 2(1), 25-39.
Gibelman, M. (1998). Women's perceptions of the glass ceiling in human service organizations and what to do about it. Affilia, 13(2), 147-165.
Goulding, A., & Jones, C. (1999). Is the Female of the Species Less Ambitious Than the Male? The Career Attitudes of Students in Departments of Information and Library Studies, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 31(1), 7-19.
Hafford-Letchfield, T. (2011). Sexuality and women in care organizations, negotiating boundaries within a gendered cultural script. Ashgate Press. 11-30.
Harley, S. (2011). The Glass Escalator- Male Career Paths in NZ Libraries, Submitted to the School of Information Management, Victoria University of Wellington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Information Studies.
Harlow, E. (2002). Gender, parenting and managerial ambition in social work. Journal of social work2(1), 65-82.
Harlow, E. (2004). Why don't women want to be social workers anymore? New managerialism, post feminism and the shortage of social workers in social services departments in England and Wales. European Journal of Social Work7(2), 167-179.
Haslam, S. A., & Ryan, M. K. (2008). The road to the glass cliff, Differences in the perceived suitability of men and women for leadership positions in succeeding and failing organizations. The Leadership Quarterly19(5), 530-546.
Hildenbrand, S. (1997). Still not Equal, Closing the Library Gender Gap. Library Journal, 122(4), 44-46.
Hultin, M. (2003). Some Take the Glass Escalator, Some Hit Glass Ceiling? Career Consequences of Occupational Sex Segregation, Work and Occupations, 30(1), 30-61.
Jacobs, J. A. (1989). Revolving Doors, Sex Segregation and Women’s careers. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press.
Judge, E. (2003). Women on board, Help or hindrance. The Times11(21), 543-562.
Kimmel, M. S. (2004). The Gendered Society. Oxford University Press, New York. 
Kmec, Julie. A.; McDonald, S.; Trimble, L.B. (2010). Making Gender Fit and Correcting Gender Misfits, Sex Segregated Employment and the non-Search Process, Gender & Society, 24(2), 213-236.
Kullberg, K. (2012). From Glass Escalator to Glass Travelator, On the Proportion of Men in Managerial Positions in Social Work in Sweden. British Journal of Social Work43(8), 1492-1509.
Maume, D. J. (1999). Occupational Segregation and the Career Mobility of White Men and Women, Social Forces, 77 (2),1433-1459.
McCallister, J. (2017). Glass Escalator in Sociology, Definition & Effects. Social Psychology, Tutoring Solution. https,//study.com/academy/lesson/glass-escalator-in sociology - definition-effects-quiz.html.
Moore, S. (2009). ‘No matter what I did I would still end up in the same position’ age as a factor defining older women’s experience of labor market participation. Work, employment and society23(4), 655-671.
Price-Glynn, K., & Rakovski, C. (2012). Who rides the glass escalator? Gender, race and nationality in the national nursing assistant study. Work, employment and society, 26(5), 699-715.
Rumsey, M. (2006). Is the Law Library a Women’s World? AALL Spectrum, 10(4), 16-17.
Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2007). The glass cliff, Exploring the dynamics surrounding the appointment of women to precarious leadership positions. Academy of Management Review32(2), 549-572.
Ryan, M. K., Haslam, S. A., Hersby, M. D., & Bongiorno, R. (2011). Think crisis–think female, The glass cliff and contextual variation in the think manager–think male stereotype. Journal of Applied Psychology96(3), 470.
Schein, V. E. (1975). Relationships between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among female managers. Journal of applied psychology60(3), 340.
Simpson, R. (2004). Masculinity at work, the experiences of men in female dominated occupations. Work, employment and society18(2), 349-368.
Smith, R. A. (2012). Money, benefits, and power, A test of the glass ceiling and glass escalator hypotheses. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 639(1), 149-172.
Taylor, C. (2010). Occupational Sex Composition and the Gendered Availability of Workplace Support, Gender & Society, 24(2), 189-212.
Thébaud, S. (2010). Masculinity, bargaining, and breadwinning, Understanding men’s housework in the cultural context of paid work. Gender & society24(3), 330-354.
Williams, C. L. (1992). The glass escalator, Hidden advantages for men in the “female” professions’, Social Problems, 39(3), 253–57.
Williams, C. L. (2013). The glass escalator, revisited, Gender inequality in neoliberal times, SWS feminist lecturer. Gender & Society27(5), 609-629.
Williams, C.L. (1992). The Glass Escalator, Hidden Advantages for Men in the Female Professions, Social Problems, 39 (3), 253-267.
Wilson-Kovacs, D. M., Ryan, M., & Haslam, A. (2006). The glass-cliff: women's career paths in the UK private IT sector. Equal Opportunities International25(8), 674-687.
Wingfield, A. H. (2009). Racializing the glass escalator, Reconsidering men's experiences with women's work. Gender & Society23(1), 5-26.